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Is diarrhea a symptom of pregnancy? A rumor spreading around the 'net has caused an influx of searches for this term. So if you are here reading this article, you likely have heard this at least once before. Many people eagerly anticipate finding out that they are with child and want to know if their symptoms indeed suggest this possibility.

La maladie à corps de Lewy est l'un des types de démence les plus courants chez les personnes âgées. C’est la deuxième cause de démence en France après la maladie d’Alzheimer. La démence est une perte des fonctions mentales qui est suffisamment grave pour affecter votre vie et vos activités quotidiennes.

La maladie de Ménière est un trouble de l'oreille interne qui provoque des épisodes de vertige.

L'adénosine triphosphate ou ATP est la "monnaie" énergétique ou le porteur de la cellule. Lorsque les cellules ont besoin d'un apport d'énergie, elles utilisent l'ATP.

L'adénosine triphosphate ou ATP est la "monnaie" énergétique ou le porteur de la cellule. Lorsque les cellules ont besoin d'un apport d'énergie, elles utilisent l'ATP.

Left bundle branch block (LBBB) is a common conduction abnormality. Its prevalence increases from 0.4% at age 50 to 6.5% at age 80. (Eriksson, Hansson et al. 1998) LBBB is seen in many diseases such as coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension, valvular heart disease, non-ischemic cardiomyopathies and conduction tissue defects/degenerations. (Nisse 1929; Jain and Mehta 2003) Identifying CAD in patients with LBBB has been the subject of many studies and remains a clinical challenge. The conduction abnormality caused by LBBB alters the ventricular activation sequence, resulting in distortion of the QRS complex, and secondary changes in the ST segment and Twave on the surface ECG. Presence of LBBB is known to mask the ECG features of CAD. Since approximately 50% of LBBB patients have underlying CAD, identifying the ECG differences between CAD and non-CAD patients with LBBB would have considerable clinical impact in risk stratifying LBBB and in the detection of underlying CAD. Hayat et al reported that myocardial blood velocity was markedly reduced in LBBB patients with CAD compared with those without. (Hayat, Dwivedi et al. 2008) Whether CAD can modify the QRS-ST-T patterns over time in the presence of LBBB is unclear. The first part of this study, therefore, was designed to compare QRS morphology and ST-T changes between CAD and non-CAD patients to determine if there were any subtle ECG pattern differences between the two groups. The consequence of LBBB is the delay of left ventricular (LV) contraction, altered septal motion, and reduced diastolic filling time.(Strauss, Selvester et al.; Grines, Bashore et al. 1989) These effects impair the pump function and stimulate negative LV remodeling. (Sweeney, van Bommel et al.) An inverse relationship between the QRS duration and left ventricular ejection fraction has been observed in LBBB patients in the presence of mechanical asynchrony. (Roshan, Pati et al. 2008) This finding provides the basis for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in heart failure patients. (Strauss, Selvester et al.) It is unclear, however, if such a relationship is more pronounced when underlying CAD exists.

The second part of this study, therefore, was to examine the correlation between QRSd and LV ejection fraction (EF) in patients with LBBB, and to determine if this relationship is altered by CAD.

Methods

Materials and methods

A retrospective study in accordance with compliance guidelines was conducted after
obtaining the approval of the Institutional Review Board of the Lankenau Medical Center.
Patients’ identifiable information was removed for the data analysis.
The LBBB diagnosis was first made by the automated interpretation of the ECG system.
Then it was over-read by a cardiologist to confirm the diagnosis. LBBB ECGs were retrieved
from the ECG library and from patients who underwent cardiac catheterization between
January 1st 2005 and June 30th 2010. Electronic medical records were reviewed to extract
demographic and clinical information. A cardiac catheterization database containing
patients who had undergone diagnostic coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary
intervention (PCI) and/or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) was interrogated.
Patients were classified as having CAD if they had history of PCI, CABG or if they had ≥50%
luminal diameter stenosis of a major coronary artery on angiography.

ECG evaluation

To determine whether LBBB ECG morphology is different between CAD and non-CAD
groups, the resting supine 12-lead ECG (AC filter 60Hz, 25 mm/sec, 10 mm/mV) was
evaluated for six aspects: 1) Pathologic Q waves. 2) QRS duration (QRSd), amplitude and
axis. 3) Among patients with leftward QRS axis  -45 degrees, QRS morphology was further
evaluated for the presence of left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) pattern (Figure 1)
ECG from a 69-year-old man with CAD and EF 31% demonstrating QRS-ST-T pattern typical to
divisional LBBB: QRSd = 188 ms. The LAFB pattern is shown as QRS axis > -45 degree, rS in II, III and
aVF with deflection of SIII > SII; and broad and notched R wave in I and qR in aVL with RaVL > RI; Poor R
progression with rS in V6 and T wave opposite to the direction of QRS complex in precordial leads.
Fig. 1. Poor R progression V1-6 in a CAD patient with LBBB

4) Low QRS voltage in the limb leads was considered if QRS amplitude was  0.5 mV in six
limb leads. 5) Poor R wave progression was diagnosed if the S wave was the dominant
deflection in the QRS complex, i.e. in rS waveform, from right to left precordial leads and if the
ratio of R/S was < 1 in V1-V4 or beyond. 6) Presence of ischemic ST-T changes such as ST
elevation accompanying T wave inversion, or ST depression with upright T wave in the same
lead. For patients with injury or ischemic ST-T changes, short term follow-up ECGs were
evaluated to determine whether these ST-T changes were resolved.

QRSd-EF relationship

Cardiac output was estimated by one of two methods: 1) 2-D echocardiography using
modified Simpson’s biplane method, or 2) post-stress, nuclear perfusion imaging the single
photon emission computed tomography (gated SPECT). The QRSd was obtained from
automated interpretation of each ECG tracing and QRSd-EF curve was plotted.

Statistical analysis

Comparisons of CAD and non-CAD groups were performed using NCSS 2007 biomedical
statistical software (Kaysville, UT). A two-sample t test was applied for descriptive analysis
in quantitative measures showing normal distribution of data points. Nonparametric tests
Mann-Whitney U or Wilcoxon Rank Tests were used for difference in medians if the
normality was rejected. A chi square (X2) statistic was used to compare categorical variables.
For the ECG changes that were more prevalent in one group than the other, sensitivity,
specificity, positive and negative predictive values were calculated for the assessment of
predictive accuracy. Univariate linear regression analysis was performed when appropriate.
A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

LBBB was found in 3.7% (134/3582) of all patients screened. Among LBBB patients, 72%
(96/134) had evidence of CAD. Patients with CAD were older (76  9 vs. 65  13 years, p
<0.001) and more commonly of male gender (53% vs. 43%, p < 0.05).
3.1 ECG patterns
Table 1 demonstrates that in patients with LBBB, leftward QRS axis, QS wave in V1, poor R
wave progression, and broad/notched/slurred R wave in V6 are prevalent in both CAD
and non-CAD groups. RS morphologies (rS, rs or Rs) in V6 was the second most common
waveform (Figure 1) next to broad/notched/slurred R wave in this lead, seen in 40% of
CAD and 26% of non-CAD patients. Though it is less frequent, low QRS voltage is more
common in CAD patients. Ischemic ST-T changes were infrequently seen in the CAD group.
Among all ECG variables assessed, none reached statistical significance except T wave
inversion in V4, present in 13.5% in CAD and in none of the non-CAD patients (p < 0.05).
Clinical assessment of those with T wave inversion in V4 revealed that those patients were
indeed having acute coronary events at the time the ECGs were taken. Since acute ischemic
ST-T changes were infrequently seen in the CAD group, the sensitivity and negative
predictive value (NPV) were low though the specificity and positive predictive value (PPV)
were relatively high (Table 2).

*Median [95% LCL; UCL]
Table 1. QRS-ST-T morphology in LBBB patients with and without CAD
ECG changes Sensitivity Specificity PPV NPV
T wave inversion in V2-3 30% 100% 100% 5.2%
T wave inversion in V4 32% 100% 100% 13.5%
ST elevation with inverted T wave 30% 100% 100% 5.2%
ST depression with upright T wave 31% 83% 93% 15.6%
PPV: positive predictive value; NPV: negative predictive value
Table 2. The predictive accuracy of CAD by presence of ischemic ST-T changes
3.2 QRSd-EF relationship
The median QRSd values (Table 1) in our study cohort were well above 120 ms, indicating
all patients had complete LBBB. The EF values (0.350.15 vs 0.390.17, p=NS) were similar
between CAD and non-CAD groups. Figures 2 A-B demonstrate that an increased QRSd
was inversely related to EF in both the CAD (Slope=-0.36, R2 = 0.1, correlation = -0.319,
p<0.005) and the non-CAD groups (Slope = -0.52, R2 = 0.37, correlation = -0.61, p<0.001).

Discussion

CAD is one of the most common findings in patients with LBBB. Recognizing CADassociated
ECG changes is of clinical importance. Among all the criteria proposed,
(Havelda, Sohi et al. 1982; Fesmire 1995; Sgarbossa, Pinski et al. 1996) the Sgarbossa criteria
(Sgarbossa, Pinski et al. 1996) seem very promising with good predictive values reported by
the investigators. Since it is mainly targeted at ST-T changes at an acute or sub-acute phase
QRS-ST-T Morphology CAD Non-CAD p Value
QRSd; ms 148 [142;154]* 140 [136; 150] NS
Left axis deviation (-30 to -60) 54% 42% NS
QS in V1 62.5% 68% NS
Low QRS voltage 11% 5% NS
Poor R progression 86% 87% NS
Broad/notched/slurred R wave in V6 60% 74% NS
T wave inversion in V2-3 5% 0 NS
QRS in LAFB pattern 21% 24% NS
T wave inversion in V4 13.5% 0 <0.05
ST elevation with inverted T wave 5% 0 NS
ST depression with upright T wave 16% 8% NS

of myocardial infarction, when applied to identify both acute and chronic ischemia, a low
sensitivity was reported (Shlipak, Lyons et al. 1999; Gunnarsson, Eriksson et al. 2001).
Our study examined ECG changes associated with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) as well
as in patients with stable CAD. Consistent with previous studies, there were no QRS-ST-T
pattern differences between the patients with and without CAD.
Regardless of etiology poor R wave progression is highly prevalent in our study cohort
(Table 1, Figure 1).
This ECG wave pattern reflects the right ventricle to septum and to left ventricle activation
sequence in LBBB. Reversal of this pattern has been used in evaluating the effectiveness of
CRT.(Sweeney, van Bommel et al.) Although broad/notched/slurred R waves are
predominant in V6, we found that RS morphology (rS, rs or Rs) is the second most common
waveform in V6, seen in 40% of CAD patients and 26% of non-CAD patients with LBBB. rS
in V6, is part of poor R progression and can be well explained by the right to left activation
sequence. (Sweeney, van Bommel et al.)
120.0
140.0
160.0
180.0
200.0
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0
QRSd vs EF
EF
QRSd
A. LBBB with CAD: QRSd = (164) + (-0.36) EF; the correlation between QRSd and EF is -0.32; the
estimated slope is -0.36 [95% CI: -0.60 lower limit; -0.12 upper limit]; the estimated intercept is 164 [95%
CI: 154 lower limit; 173 upper limit].

120.0
135.0
150.0
165.0
180.0
10.0 25.0 40.0 55.0 70.0
QRSd vs EF
EF
QRSd
B. LBBB without CAD: QRSd = (164) + (-0.51) EF; the correlation between QRSd and EF is -0.31; the
estimated slope is -0.51 [95% CI: -0.77 lower limit; -0.36 upper limit]; the estimated intercept is 164 [95%
CI: 154 lower limit; 175 upper limit].
Fig. 2. QRSd-EF relationship in LBBB patients with and without CAD.
Depending on the blocking sites LBBB can be divided into pre-divisional, divisional and
intramural subtypes.(Runge, Dorner et al. 1973; Jazayeri, Caceres et al. 1989; Childers,
Lupovich et al. 2000) Pre-divisional block is at the level of left bundle trunk, divisional is at
fascicular level and intramural at the intramyocardial Purkinje network. The lower level
block is often associated with myocardial involvement and worse prognosis. In our study
cohort, 21% of CAD and 24% non-CAD patients had LAFB ECG pattern, indicating the
presence of divisional LBBB with complete blockage at LAF and partial blockage at left
posterior fascicular branch level. Together they account for 42.6% of LBBB patients with
leftward QRS axis.
Ischemic ST-T changes were only seen in patients with ACS. Since the majority of CAD
patients do not have ACS at the time ECGs are taken, the sensitivity and negative predictive
value (NPV) are low though the specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) are high
(Table 2).
The second part of this study examined the correlation between QRS duration and LVEF in
LBBB patients with and without CAD. LBBB patients are more predisposed to having LV
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LBBB: The ECG Patterns and Cardiac

systolic dysfunction.(Littmann and Symanski 2000; Talreja, Gruver et al. 2000) LBBB patients
also have a higher mortality(Huvelle, Fay et al.) when compared to patients who also have LV
systolic dysfunction without LBBB.(Abdel-Qadir, Tu et al.) This in part can be attributed to the
higher than normal incidence of CAD, hypertension, cardiomyopathy and valvular heart
disease in patients with LBBB.(Abdel-Qadir, Tu et al.) These co-morbidities may be responsible
for the LBBB itself. However, LBBB results in alteration of both the systolic and diastolic
properties of the LV. The alterations in the diastolic filling time and septal wall motion cause
both systolic and diastolic dysfunction (Grines, Bashore et al. 1989), therefore reduce the global
cardiac performance. This effect, as shown in this study, is possibly exaggerated by and is
positively proportional to the QRS duration. Moreover, we demonstrated that the negative
correlation between QRS duration and LVEF is present in both patients with and without
CAD, further proof of the negative outcome independently caused by LBBB.

Conclusions

Other than acute ischemic ST-T changes seen in patients with ACS, the overall LBBB
morphology is not different in patients with and without CAD. Increased QRS duration in
LBBB has a significant negative correlation with LVEF in both CAD and non-CAD patients.

Acknowledgement

Dr. Li Zhang is supported by William Wikoff Smith Charitable Trust and AHA 0735474N.

References

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Childers, R., S. Lupovich, et al. (2000). "Left bundle branch block and right axis deviation: a report of 36 cases." J Electrocardiol 33 Suppl: 93-102.

Eriksson, P., P. O. Hansson, et al. (1998). "Bundle-branch block in a general male population: the study of men born 1913." Circulation 98(22): 2494-500.

Fesmire, F. M. (1995). "ECG diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in the presence of left bundle-branch block in patients undergoing continuous ECG monitoring." Ann Emerg Med 26(1): 69-82.

Grines, C. L., T. M. Bashore, et al. (1989). "Functional abnormalities in isolated left bundle branch block. The effect of interventricular asynchrony." Circulation 79(4): 845-53.

Gunnarsson, G., P. Eriksson, et al. (2001). "ECG criteria in diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in the presence of left bundle branch block." Int J Cardiol 78(2): 167-74.

Havelda, C. J., G. S. Sohi, et al. (1982). "The pathologic correlates of the electrocardiogram: complete left bundle branch block." Circulation 65(3): 445-51.

Hayat, S. A., G. Dwivedi, et al. (2008). "Effects of left bundle-branch block on cardiac structure, function, perfusion, and perfusion reserve: implications for myocardial contrast echocardiography versus radionuclide perfusion imaging for the detection
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Huvelle, E., R. Fay, et al. "Left bundle branch block and mortality in patients with acute heart failure syndrome: a substudy of the EFICA cohort." Eur J Heart Fail 12(2):156-63.

Jain, A. C. and M. C. Mehta (2003). "Etiologies of left bundle branch block and correlations with hemodynamic and angiographic findings." Am J Cardiol 91(11): 1375-8.

Jazayeri, M. R., J. Caceres, et al. (1989). "Electrophysiologic characteristics of sudden QRS axis deviation during orthodromic tachycardia. Role of functional fascicular block in localization of accessory pathway." J Clin Invest 83(3): 952-9.

Littmann, L. and J. D. Symanski (2000). "Hemodynamic implications of left bundle branch block." J Electrocardiol 33 Suppl: 115-21.

Nisse, B. S. (1929). "Congenital Heart Disease associated with Arborization Block of the Left Branch Bundle." Proc R Soc Med 22(4): 405-6.

Roshan, J., P. K. Pati, et al. (2008). "Echocardiographic evaluation of ventricular dyssynchrony in patients with left bundle branch block." Indian Heart J 60(6): 567-73.

Runge, M., V. Dorner, et al. (1973). "[Predivisional left bundle-branch block with left anterior hemiblock]." Z Kardiol 62(11): 1004-12.

Sgarbossa, E. B., S. L. Pinski, et al. (1996). "Electrocardiographic diagnosis of evolving acute myocardial infarction in the presence of left bundle-branch block. GUSTO-1 (Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded
Coronary Arteries) Investigators." N Engl J Med 334(8): 481-7.

Shlipak, M. G., W. L. Lyons, et al. (1999). "Should the electrocardiogram be used to guide therapy for patients with left bundle-branch block and suspected myocardial infarction?" JAMA 281(8): 714-9.

Strauss, D. G., R. H. Selvester, et al. "Defining left bundle branch block in the era of cardiac resynchronization therapy." Am J Cardiol 107(6): 927-34.

Sweeney, M. O., R. J. van Bommel, et al. "Analysis of ventricular activation using surface electrocardiography to predict left ventricular reverse volumetric remodeling during cardiac resynchronization therapy." Circulation 121(5): 626-34.
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Marwan Badri, William Kornberg, James F. Burke, Peter R. Kowey and Li Zhang (March 7th 2012). LBBB: The ECG Patterns and Cardiac Function in Patients With and Without Coronary Artery Disease, Coronary Artery Diseases, Illya Chaikovsky and Nataliia N. Sydorova, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/28060. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/coronary-artery-diseases/lbbb-the-ecg-patterns-and-cardiac-function-in-patients-with-and-without-coronary-artery-disease

Eine Konsenserklärung von Experten, die einen lebenslangen Ansatz verfolgt und Leitlinien für die Erkennung und Behandlung von Aufmerksamkeitsdefizitstörungen bei Frauen bietet.

Es gibt Belege dafür, dass die große Diskrepanz zwischen der Zahl der Männer und Frauen mit diagnostizierter ADHS zumindest teilweise auf eine mangelnde Anerkennung und/oder Überweisungsvoreingenommenheit bei Frauen zurückzuführen ist.

Una declaración de consenso de expertos que adopta un enfoque basado en la duración de la vida y que proporciona orientación para la identificación y el tratamiento del trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad en niñas y mujeres

Hay pruebas que sugieren que la amplia discrepancia en la proporción de hombres y mujeres con diagnóstico de TDAH se debe, al menos en parte, a la falta de reconocimiento y/o al sesgo de referencia en las mujeres. 

Un T.C.M.H. élevé lors d'une prise de sang est généralement le signe d’une anémie macrocytaire ; il est recherché lorsque quelqu'un présente des signes de fatigue ou de faiblesse, quand il y a facilement des saignements ou des ecchymoses ou quand il y a une inflammation notable.

Un T.C.M.H. élevé lors d'une prise de sang est généralement le signe d’une anémie macrocytaire ; il est recherché lorsque quelqu'un présente des signes de fatigue ou de faiblesse, quand il y a facilement des saignements ou des ecchymoses ou quand il y a une inflammation notable.